Protein synthesis
/ gene regulation:
Chapter 10
1. Nucleic acids and chromosomes
- Explain the three parts of a nucleotide and list the nitogen bases
found in DNA vs RNA
- Define the terms polynucleiotide and nucleic acid
- Explain how the nuceotides are linked together in nucleic acids.
See Fig 10.2
- Explain why AZT blocks HIV virus replication
- Explain the contribution of Watson and Crick to our understanding
of DNA.
- Demonstrate the complemementary base pairing found in DNA.
- Explain what type of chemical bond holds the complementary bases
together.
- Discuss how DNA's structure related to the semi conservative mechanism
of DNA replication.
- Explain the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication.
Visit this page for more about nucleotides, RNA,DNA and this page for more
about DNA replication.
2. Protein synthesis
- Explain why protein synthesis is such an important process for living
things (review the functions of proteins)
- List the basic steps in
protein synthesis and explain where in the cell each occurs. pp
176 -177
- Explain the difference between the meaning of transcription and translation
- List the differences between DNA and RNA in terms of chemical composition.
- Explain the functions of the three broad types of RNA produced by
transcription
- Describe the steps in transcription. pp 180-182
- Explain the function of the following in transcription:
- Promoter
- RNA polymerase
- Explain the role of introns and exons in eukaryote transcription
- Explain the role of
intron or RNA splicing (
2 )in producing alternate mRNA's
- Explain the role of mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes and rRNA in translation
- Define the terms codon and anticodon
- Use the genetic code
table to "translate" a sequence of messenger RNA bases into a
polypeptide
- Describe the main stages of translation. pp 183-186
3. Mutations
- Define mutation
- Explain why mutations are important
- Explain the main causes of mutations:
- Mutagens
- High energy(Ionizing) radiation
- Spontaneous mutations
Comment: many mutagens are also carcinogens (Cancer causing chemicals).
Indeed many cancers arise because of mutations in genes that control the
process of cell division.
- Distinguish between the following types of mutations and explain
which is most likely to affect the cell:
- Substitution mutations
- Base deletions and insertions
Comment: the mutations discussed in this chpater are called point mutations
since they affect only a single DNA base pair. Other types of mutations
involve large scale chromosomal rearrangements in which whole sections
of chromsomes may be deleted or duplicated or transposed or inverted.
Mutations in a sense represent mistakes but at the same time they provide
new genetic material upon which evolution depends.
Also visit these pages for another look at protein synthesis.
4. Viruses. pp 188 -192
- Explain the basic structure of viruses and how viruses differ from
cells
- List and explain the main steps in the lytic and lysogenic reproductive
cycles of viruses. fig. 10.26
- Explain what is meant by an enveloped virus and where thgis envelop
comes from. See p 190
- Explain the reproductive cycle of the mumps virus
- Diagram the main parts of the HIV virus. fig 10.30
- Explain why HIV viruses are called retroviruses
- Give the function of RNA polymerase and explain how RNA polymerase
is used in genetic engineering.
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