Intensive Agriculture
Intensive Agriculture: Production vastly increased through such technological innovations as irrigation, fertilizers, animal traction, and more efficient transport and equipment.
Intensification
· Water Management
· Selective Breeding
· Draft Animals
· Fertilizers
Organization of Energy
· Horticulture vs. Intensive Agriculture
Environmental Resilience, Stability, and Change
Intensive Agriculture and Civilization
· Civilized states have a great number of non-food producing members of society.
· What is Civilization?
· Primary Characteristics:
o Settlement
o Specialization
o Concentration of Surplus
o Class Structure
o State Organization
· Secondary Characteristics:
o Monumental Public Works
o Monumental Art Work
o Long-Distance Trade Networks
o Writing
o Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy
Emergence of Civilization
Hydraulic Theory: Earliest civilizations of the Old World developed along the flood plains of great rivers.
Settlements
· Jericho (7,500 BC)
· Cätäl Hüyük (6,250 BC)
Primary and Secondary Civilizations
Natufian Culture: (16,000 – 9,000 BC), Levant
Ubaid Culture: (5,900 – 4,300 BC), southern Mesopotamia
Sumer (4,300 – 2334 BC), First Civilization
· Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Kish
Other Primary Civilizations:
· Egypt (3,100 BC)
· Indus Valley, Harappan Culture (2,500 BC)
o Indus River Floodplain
· Shang, China (1,750 BC)
o Yellow River Floodplain
· Minoan (2,000 BC)
o Aegean Island of Crete
· Olmec (1,200 BC)
o Mesoamerica
Social Consequences of Intensive Agriculture: Social Inequality
· Regional Differentiation
· Peasantry
o Ceremonial Fund
o Replacement Fund
o Rent Fund